Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XIX. The treehole Anopheles ...

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MOSQUITO STUDIES (Diptera, Culicidae) 

XIX. The treehole Anopheles of the New World 

By Thomas J. Zavortink

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MOSQUITO STUDIES (Diptera, Culicidae) 

XIX. THE TREEHOLE ANOPHELES OF THE 

NEW WORLD’ 

Thomas J. Zavortink2 

CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . 

SYSTEMATICS . . . . . . . . . . . 

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT 

Description of Group . . . . . . . . 

Keys to Species . . . . . . . . . . 

1. Anopheles (An.) barberi Coquillett 

2. Anopheles (An.) judithae Zavortink. 

. 

3. Anopheles (An.) fausti Vargas . . . 

4. Anopheles (An.) arboricolus, n.sp. . 

5. Anopheles (An. ) xelajuensis de Leon 

6. Anopheles (An.) powderi, n.sp. . . 

REFERENCES CITED . . . . . . . . 

FIGURES 

TABLE 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 1 1 1 1 

INTRODUCTION 

.............. 1 

.............. 2 

.............. 3 

.............. 5 

.............. 7 

.............. 10 

.............. 12 

.............. 14 

.............. 15 

.............. 17 

.............. 18 

.............. 21 

.............. 34 

.............. 35 

The present paper is a review of the obligate treehole breeding Anopheles of the 

New World. It is essentially an expansion of my previous study of the treehole 

Anopheles of the United States (Zavortink, 1969). 

The taxonomic procedure is that outlined for the project “Mosquitoes of Middle 

America” by Belkin, Schick et al (1965: 10-l 1). Format, abbreviations and other 

details follow earlier papers in this series. I have not seen the types of barberi, fausti, 

or xelajuensis. 

I am indebted to the following individuals for loans of specimens included in this 

‘Contribution from project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” supported by U.S. Public Health 

Service Research Grant AI-04379 and U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command 

Research Contract DA-49-193-MD-2478. 

‘Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 5, no. 2, 1969 

study: Alfonso Diaz Najera of the Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropi- 

tales, Mexico [ ISET] ; Lewis T. Nielsen of the University of Utah [UTAH] ; L.L. 

Pechuman of Cornell University [CU] ; Lloyd E. Rozeboom of Johns Hopkins Uni- 

versity [HOPK] ; and Alan Stone of the United States National Museum [USNM] . 

Peter F. Mattingly kindly loaned specimens of extralimital species from the British 

Museum (Natural History) collection. 

I thank John N. Belkin for editing the manuscript and the following individuals, 

all present or past members of the “Mosquitoes of Middle America” project staff, 

for technical assistance: Caryle Abrams, Sheila Bernstein, Sally Dieckmann, Frances 

DuPont, Sandra Heinemann, Christopher Ishida, L. Margaret Kowalczyk, Nancy 

Martsch, Michael Nelson and William Powder. 

SYSTEMATICS 

The American treehole breeding Anopheles, barberi Coquillett, 1903, fausti Var- 

gas, 1943, judithae Zavortink, 1969, xelajuensis de Leon, 1938, and 2 species des- 

cribed here, arboricolus and powderi, belong to a single phylad. At least 2 of the 

numerous Old World species of container breeding AnopheEes, barianensis James, 

1911 and plumbeus Stephens, 1828, belong to this same line. This group of 8 

species is differentiated morphologically and biologically, by its usual restriction to 

temperate or montane tropical regions, from the other phylads of container breed- 

ing anophelines. 

As members of this group have some rather unusual features in the preimaginal 

stages, 3 generic group taxa have been proposed for included species: CoeZodiazesis 

Dyar & Knab, 1906 founded on larval characteristics of barberi; CycZophorus Eysell, 

19 12 on the immature stages of pZumbeus; and RusseZZia Vargas, 1943 on larval pe- 

culiarities of xelajuensis. Despite its distinctiveness, this group of species is not cur- 

rently recognized at the subgeneric level and is placed in Anopheles (Anopheles) 

(Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959). This is because anophelines of several distinct 

phylads adapted to breeding in plant containers show convergence in some of the 

more conspicuous elements of the larval chaetotaxy, such as reduction of the front- 

al hairs of the head and elongation of lateral abdominal hair 6-IV-VI, and, as a con- 

sequence, students of the genus have been reluctant to use features of the immature 

stages to define or place them. 

On the basis of morphology of the adult, male genitalia and larva, geographical 

distribution and habitat, the 6 species included here fall into at least 3 different 

primary groups: 1) barberi and judithae, 2) fausti and arboricolus and 3) xelajuensis. 

The affinities of the poorly known powderi are uncertain. The geminate species bar- 

beri and judithae differ most conspicuously from the others in the following fea- 

tures: as adults by 1) interocular scales absent or short, 2) erect head scales not 

brilliant white mesally and very dark laterally, 3) mesonotum shortened and arched, 

4) mesonotum without broad hoary median longitudinal stripe, 5) acrostichal scal- 

ing absent or reduced, 6) coxae more or less same color as adjacent portions of 

pleuron, 7) femora and tibiae entirely dark scaled and 8) wing fringe dark; in the 

male genitalia by the scaleless sidepieces; as larvae by hair 3-C mesad of 4-C. These 

species are widespread in various types of forest in North America. The group con- 

sisting of fausti and arboricolus differs as follows: in the adult stage by 1) light 

patches on palpus, 2) hindfemur but not hindtibia conspicuously marked with white 

and 3) wing with a single light fringe spot at ends of branches of vein R; in the 

male genitalia by 1) sparsely scaled sidepiece, 2) clumped spicules on sidepiece and

Zavortink: Treehole Anopheles of New World 3 

3) outermost 2 setae on ventral lobe of claspette subequally developed; in the larva 

by plumose hairs 1 l-C, 9-III-VI, 4-IV,V and lo-VII. Both species have restricted 

distributions, fausti in the tropical rainforest at the base of the Sierra Madre Oriental 

in central Mexico and arboricozus in the humid montane forest of western Panama. 

An. xelajuensis is distinguished as follows: first, by its large size in all stages, 

then, in the adult by 1) hindfemur and hindtibia both conspicuously marked with 

white, 2) light patch over apex of costa and vein R, , 3) wing with 4 light fringe 

spots and 4) wing veins with dark spots caused by accumulation of scales; in the 

male genitalia by 1) long sidepiece and 2) numerous scales on sidepiece; in the larva 

by 1) hair 3-C thick and blunt, 2) absence of palmate hairs and 3) presence of many 

stellate hairs. It is apparently limited to areas of wet montane forest in southern 

Mexico and Guatemala. An. powderi, unknown in the male and larva, is large in 

size, has a single light fringe spot extending from Rr to Mr +2 and has only the 

hindfemur conspicuously marked with white. It has been collected in the montane 

cloud forest of southern Costa Rica. The differences between these groups are summarized 

in Table 1. I am not recognizing these groups even informally because the 

knowledge of the Central American species is still very fragmentary and I have not 

studied the Old World species in detail. 

Very little is known about the bionomics of species in this group. The immature 

stages are restricted to treeholes or those artificial containers which approach them 

in water composition. Larval development is unusually long. Larvae of barberi are 

predacious and those of other species readily eat insect fragments. Adults of both 

sexes are occasionally found resting in buildings, culverts and hollow trees and females 

of barberi and xelajuensis bite man. Stratman-Thomas and Baker (1936: 182- 

183) infected barberi with Plasmodium vivax and demonstrated transmission of the 

malaria to another person. However, this species has not been incriminated as a natural 

vector. American treehole AnopheZes extend from the northern United States 

(South Dakota to New York) to northern Panama (Chiriqui). All six known species 

are apparently allopatric. 

Since An. eiseni Coquillett, 1902, a Neotropical species unrelated to those treated 

here, is occasionally found breeding in treeholes, it has been included in the keys. 

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT 

DESCRIPTION OF GROUP 

FEMALES. Head: Adorned with erect scales only; labium entirely dark scaled; 

palpus long, about 0.851 .lO length of proboscis; torus and first flagellar segment 

with a few small dark scales. Thorax: Mesonotal bristles quite long; mesonotal scales 

absent or restricted to a median tuft on anterior promontory or an acrostichal line; 

apn, sp, pra, ppl, stp and upper mep bristles or hairs present, those on stp in a more 

or less continuous vertical row; pleuron without scales. Legs: Coxae without scales; 

femora and tibiae never mottled, light scales completely absent or restricted to small 

patches or rings at apex of segments; tarsi entirely dark scaled; tarsal segment 5 of 

all legs much shorter than segment 4. Wing: Never with conspicuous pattern of 

light patches or speckles, light scales completely absent or restricted to fringe and 

apex of anterior veins. Haltere: Knob dark scaled. Abdomen: Scales completely 

absent. Buccopharyngeal Armature: Not studied. 

MALES. Similar to females except for sexual differences. Head: Flagellum strongly 

plumose.


MALE GENITALIA. Sidepiece: A single strongly developed internal spine and 2 

strongly developed parabasal spines present; lateral parabasal spine longer than mes- 

al; scales absent, few or numerous. Claspette: Dorsal lobe sclerotized, bearing 3 

(rarely 4) overlapping spatulate apically curved setae; ventral lobe conical, spicu- 

lose mesally, bearing 3 long and 1 short setae. Clasper: Usually longer than sidepiece. 

Phallosome: Aedeagus without leaflets, apex rounded. 

PUPAE. Setae generally weakly to moderately developed, relatively short, fine, 

few branched and lightly pigmented. Cephalothorax: Lightly to moderately pig- 

mented, with middorsal area, region caudad of trumpet and upper portion of wing- 

case slightly darker; hairs 6,7(: relatively close together, separated by a distance 

less than 0.5 that between 45-C; hair 7-C distinctly smaller than 6-C. Trumpet: 

Largely light to dark amber or brown in color, base lighter; rather “culicine” in 

shape, not strongly flared or deeply divided, the pinna relatively small. Abdomen: 

Generally lightly to moderately pigmented, with anterior and/or lateral portions of 

most segments slightly darker; hair 9-I small, subequal to or shorter than 3-1, usually 

single (single, double); 2-11 relatively short, single; 1 -III-VII and 5-111,IV frequently 

single, never with more than 5 fine branches, less than 0.4 length of corresponding 

segment; S-V-VII similar to 5-111,IV or thickened and then sometimes elongate; 9- 

IV-VIII spinelike, long, slender, pointed, becoming progressively longer on poster- 

ior segments, usually simple but sometimes with a few coarse branches near tip on 

segments VII and VIII. Terminal Segments: Hair I-IX not irregular as in most other 

Anophelini, but instead a simple single or double seta. Paddle: Lightly to moder- 

ately pigmented; more or less elliptical to oboval in shape, never more than slight- 

ly emarginate; outer part wider than inner; external buttress long; outer margin, to 

beyond end of external buttress, serrate, with teeth becoming more prominent and 

numerous apically; remainder of margin smooth or weakly serrate, never with long 

spicules; hair 1 -P thickened, spinelike. 

FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE. Head: Setae generally poorly developed; head long- 

er and collar narrower than in most Anophelini; maxillary sutures very short; mod- 

erately to deeply pigmented, tan to brown, with subantennal area and collar dark- 

er and ocular area lighter, never with pattern of contrasting colors; hairs 3-10-C rel- 

atively short, fine, usually single (1-4b or f), never large and plumose; 11-C weak- 

ly developed, short, usually not extending beyond level of hair 1-A. Antenna: Short, 

frequently smooth; uniformly moderately to deeply pigmented, tan to brown, or 

becoming lighter apically; hair 1 -A short, fine, single, arising on dorsolateral surface 

near middle of shaft. Thorax: Integument without conspicuous branched spicules; 

hair O-P apparently not developed; 1 l-P,M,T subequal, very small; 9-M,T not short 

and stout, at least as long as hair 10 of corresponding segment; 3-T never palmate. 

Abdomen: Hair 1-I not palmate, very small, shorter than hair 2 (except in xela- 

juensis); l-II-VII or 1 -III-VII (xelajuensis excepted) palmate, the leaflets well de- 

veloped, broad, usually serrate apically; 6-I-VI long, plumose, nearly equally devel- 

oped on all segments or 6-III-VI or 6-IV-VI less strongly developed; 4-IV,V (except in 

xelajuensis) elongate, longest hair on dorsal surface of respective segment; 5-IV-VII 

(except in xelajuensis) elongate, with relatively few weak and short lateral branches. 

Spiracular Lobe: Pecten with most teeth, except apically, long, never with regular 

sequence of long and short teeth; hair 1 -S usually single (l-3b) or with fine apical 

branches, never with numerous long branches from base.

Zavortink: Treehole Anopheles of New World 

KEYS TO SPECIES 

ADULTS 

1. Hindtibia, but not hindfemur, with a conspicuous broad apical white ring; 

vein R sometimes with light patches at level of ends of veins 1A and Rs 

(see Systematics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiseni 

Hindtibia without a conspicuous broad apical white ring, apex dark or with 

a conspicuous white patch; hindfemur sometimes with a conspicuous api- 

cal white ring; vein R without light patches at level of ends of veins 1A 

andRs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 

2( 1). Mesonotum without a broad hoary median longitudinal stripe and with scales 

absent or restricted to a tuft in center of anterior promontory; hindfemur 

entirely dark scaled; wing fringe entirely dark scaled . . . . . . . . 3 

Mesonotum with a broad hoary median longitudinal stripe and a long acros- 

tichal scale line; hindfemur with apical white ring; wing fringe with api- 

cal light spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 

3(2). Bristles on ppl 6-l 1; anterior forecoxal bristles 19-32; anterior acrostichal 

bristles dark and usually not accompanied by scales; light erect head scales 

dingy yellowish (fig. 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l. barberi 

Bristles on ppZ2-5 ; anterior forecoxal bristles 6-l 8; anterior acrostichal brist- 

les amber and accompanied by 5-20 whitish scales; light erect head scales 

pale white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. judithae 

4(2). Apex of costa and vein R, light scaled; small light fringe spots present at 

ends of veins M 1 +2 , M, +4 and Cur ; dark wing spots present (fig. 12). . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. xelajuensis 

Apex of costa and vein Ri dark scaled; without fringe spots at ends of veins 

M 1+29 M3+4 and Cu 1 ; wing without dark spots . . . . . . . . . . 5 

5(4). Palpus with light scales at joints and apex; wing moderately scaled; scales in 

middle of vein 1A clasping vein or slightly spreading (fig. 12) . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. fausti; 4. arboricolus 

Palpus entirely dark scaled; wing profusely scaled; scales in middle of vein 

IA wide spreading (fig. 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. powderi 

MALE GENITALIA 

(6. powderi unknown) 

1. Aedeagus with 1 pair of conspicuous serrate leaflets; dorsal claspette lobe 

with 2 terete setae (see Systematics) . . . . . . . . . . . . eiseni 

Aedeagus without leaflets; dorsal claspette lobe with 3 flattened setae . . 2 

2( 1). Sidepiece long, scales numerous (fig. 9) ......... 5. xelajuensis 

Sidepiece shorter, scales absent or few ............... 3 

3(2). Lateral 2 setae of ventral lobe of claspette subequal in development; spicules 

of sidepiece grouped into large clumps; sidepiece usually with at least 1 or


2 scales (fig. 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. fausti; 4. arboricolus 

Lateral seta of ventral lobe of claspette not as strongly developed as adjacent 

seta; spicules of sidepiece arranged singly, in rows, or in small clumps; sidepiece 

usually without scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

4(3). Parabasal spines much more strongly developed than internal spine; lateral 

parabasal spine flattened preapically; sidepiece usually more or less ellip- 

tical in shape (fig. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l. barberi 

Parabasal spines only slightly stronger than internal spine; lateral parabasal 

spine not flattened preapically ; sidepiece usually more or less cylindrical 

or short conical in shape (fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. judithae 

PUPAE 

(3. fausti and 4. arboricolus unknown) 

1. Trumpet deeply divided; paddle margin with fringe of long, fine spicules (see 

Systematics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiseni 

Trumpet not deeply divided; paddle margin without fringe . . . . . . . 2 

2( 1). Hair 7-VII single, longer than 9-VIII; hair O-VII enlarged, multiple; 5-V more 

strongly developed than 1-V (fig. 9). . . . . . . . . . 5. xelajuensis 

Hair 7-VII 2,3b (l-4), shorter than 9-VIII; hair O-VII small, single (single, 

double); S-V usually less strongly developed than 1-V . . . . . . . . 3 

3(2). Large species, width of segment VIII greater than 1 .OO mm (fig. 11) . . . 

6. powderi 

Smali species, \;idth of segment VIII less than b.85 ‘mm : : : : . . . .4 

4(3). Hair 9-III-VIII darkly pigmented; 9-111 more similar in size to 9-IV than 9-11; 

hair 5-VI,VII thickened, single (fig. 3) . . . . . . . . . . .l. barberi 

Hair 9-III-VIII concolorous with integument; 9-111 intermediate in size be- 

tween 9-11 and 9-IV; hair S-VI and usually 5-VII fine, 2,3b (fig. 5) . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. judithae 

FOURTH INSTAR LARVAE 

(6. powderi unknown) 

1. Hairs 4-6-C long, plumose; 3-T palmate (see Systematics) . . . . . eiseni 

Hairs 4-6-C shorter, never plumose; 3-T not palmate . . . . . . . . . 2 

2( 1). Hair l-III-VII stellate; 9-III-VI very strongly developed, stellate, long, 6,7b (5- 

9); hair 3-C thickened, apex usually blunt (fig. 10) . . . . 5. xelajuensis 

Hair l-III-VII palmate; 9-III-VI moderately developed, not stellate, elongate 

and plumose or shorter and 24b (l-5); hair 3-C fine, apex attenuate . . 3 

3(2). Hair 3C mesad of 4-C; hair 9-III-VI not elongate or plumose; 7-VII much 

more strongly developed than 6-VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Hair 3-C laterad of 4-C; hair 9-III-VI elongate, plumose; 7-VII not as strongly 

developed as 6-VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

4(3). 

5(3). 


Inner clypeals (2C) widely spaced, separated by a distance greater than 2.0 

that between inner and outer clypeals (3-C); hair 13-II-V,VII usually 3b (3- 

5); integument on underside of prothorax and abdominal segments I-VIII 

spiculose (fig. 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l. barberi 

Inner clypeals (2-C) closely approximated, separated by a distance less than 

that between inner and outer clypeals (3-C); hair 13-II-V,VII usually single 

(I-3b); integument of thorax and abdomen not spiculose (fig. 6) . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. judithae 

Hair 9-I,11 elongate, plumose; 13-11-V with many fine inconspicuous branches 

beyond middle; antenna1 shaft with conspicuous spicules (fig. 7) . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. fausti 

Hair 9-I,11 not elongate or plumose; 13-11-V with 3,4 (2-6) conspicuous 

branches from base; antenna1 shaft without conspicuous spicules (fig. 8) 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. arboricolus 

1. Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi Coquillett 

Figs. l-4 

1903. Anopheles barberi Coquillett, 1903:310. TYPE: HoZotype 0, Plummer’s Island, Maryland, 

United States, 17 Aug 1903, H.S. Barber [USNM, 69591. 

Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi of Edwards (1921:272); Dyar (1928:454); Matheson (1944: 114- 

115); Darsie (1949:524-525); Penn (1949:65-66); Carpenter and La Casse (1955:32-34, in 

part); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:15, in part); Carpenter (1968:72, in part); Zavortink 

(1969:31-33). 

Anopheles barberi of Dyar (1904:243-244); Dyar and Knab (1907:49); Stratman-Thomas and 

Baker (1936: 182-183); Vargas (1942a: 172,173,174; 1942b:329-331); Russel, Rozeboom and 

Stone (1943:21,31, in part); Jenkins and Carpenter (1946:35-36, in part); Petersen, Chapman 

and Willis (1969: 134-135). 

Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) barberi of Dyar (1918: 142); Vargas (1943:64,65,66,67, in part); Vargas 

and Martinez(1956:l ll-113,140, in part);Vargas(1959:373). 

Coelodiazesis barberi of Dyar and Knab (1906: 177); Howard, Dyar and Knab (19 17: 1036-l 038). 

FEMALE (fig. 2). Wing: 3.49 mm. Proboscis: 1.73 mm. Forefemur: 2.10 mm. 

Abdomen: about 2.2 mm. A small light-colored species. Head: Integument light to 

dark brown; interocular bristles dark or amber; erect scales long, usually dingy yel- 

lowish mesally, dark or dingy yellowish laterally; interocular scales absent or very 

few, short and dingy yellowish; palpus entirely dark scaled, the proximal scales ap- 

pressed. Thorax : Mesonotum shortened and arched ; mesonotal integument very 

light to dark brown, largely shining, without a broad hoary median longitudinal 

stripe; pleural integument lighter than that of mesonotum or becoming lighter ven- 

trally; mesonotal bristles numerous, strongly developed, very long and conspicuous, 

dark in color; mesonotum without scales or sometimes center of anterior promon- 

tory with l-4 narrow dark scales; ppE bristles 6-l 1. Legs: Coxae more or less same 

color as adjacent portions of pleuron; anterior forecoxal bristles 19-32; femora, tib- 

iae and tarsi entirely dark scaled. Wing: Veins and fringe entirely dark scaled, scales 

on veins uniformly distributed and not grouped into dark spots; moderately scaled; 

scales in central portion of vein 1A clasping vein or slightly spreading. Abdomen:


Integument of tergites light to dark brown, usually somewhat dappled, sternites 

lighter. 

MALE (fig. 2). As for female except for sexual differences. 

MALE GENITALIA (fig. 3). Sidepiece: More or less elliptical in shape, short; 

spicules arranged singly, in rows, or in small clumps; scales usually absent; para- 

basal spines much more strongly developed than internal spine; lateral parabasal 

spine flattened preapically, apex sharply attenuate and recurved or sinuous; inter- 

nal spine not more strongly developed than large setae of sidepiece, apex usually 

sinuous. Claspette: Most lateral seta of ventral lobe distinctly shorter and/or finer 

than seta next mesad. Clasper: Without spicules near base. 

PUPA (fig. 3). Abdomen: 3.04 mm. Trumpet: 0.37 mm. Paddle: 0.88 mm. Width 

of segment VIII: 0.73 mm. Cephalothorax: Moderately pigmented with darker areas 

more extensive than in judithae; hairs 1,3-C subequal in length. Trumpet: Dark am- 

ber to brown in color. Abdomen: Moderately pigmented, darker areas more exten- 

sive than in judithae; hairs 6,7-I subequal in length; l-11,111 usually single or double; 

5-111-V short, fine, usually single; 5-VI,VII thickened and single, usually shorter than 

to subequal in length to hair 9 of corresponding segment; 9-III-VIII darkly pigment- 

ed, strongly contrasting with abdominal integument; 9-111 approaching 9-IV in both 

diameter and length; O-VII very small, usually single (single, double); 7-VII usually 

double (single, double), shorter than 9-VIII. Paddle: Moderately pigmented, midrib 

darker. 

FOURTH INSTAR LARVA (fig. 4). Head: 0.65 mm. Anal Saddle: 0.27 mm. 

Head: Inner clypeals (2-C) widely spaced, usually separated by a distance greater 

than 2.0 that between inner and outer clypeals, single and simple; outer clypeals 

(3-C) far mesad of 4-C, fine, single; 1 I-C not plumose, single or 2,3b. Antenna: 

Spicules absent or inconspicuous; hair 4-A simple and single. Thorax: Integument, 

especially on underside of prothorax, spiculose; hair 2-P short, plumose, with num- 

erous lateral branches; 8-P long, shaft not notably thickened, lateral branches short 

and moderately numerous; 8-M short, all lateral branches long; 8-T a normal plu- 

mose hair; 9-P,M,T spiculate. Abdomen: Integument on underside of segments l- 

VIII spiculose; hair 1-I very short, single, l-11 simple to palmate, l-III-VII palmate; 

6-I-VI similar in development and length; 9-I-VI moderately developed, with branch- 

es arising near base, never stellate or plumose; 13-II-V,VII moderately developed, 

usually 3b (3-5); hair 4-IV,V simple, single; 5-VII moderately long with 2,3b (l-3) 

arising near base; 7-VII moderately long, usually single or double (I-3b); hair lo- 

VII not plumose but single or 2,3b or 2,3f. Segment VIII: Hairs 3,5 usually with 

3,4b (l-5) arising near base. Anal Segment: Spicules of saddle moderately conspic- 

uous, located along ventral and caudal margins; hair 1 simple, usually single. 

SYSTEMATICS. Although barberi and judithae are a pair of closely related allo- 

patric species, they are easily separated in all stages on the basis of the characters 

given in the keys. 

Examination of more specimens since the publication of my earlier paper (Zavor- 

tink, 1969) has indicated that some changes need to be made in the description of 

barberi presented there. In the male genitalia the ratio of the distance from the para- 

basal spines to the internal spine to the distance from the latter to the apex of the 

sidepiece should be broadened from 0.8-l .O to 0.6-l .6 and the entire proctiger sec- 

tion should be deleted. In the pupa hair 5-VI,VII is sometimes longer than previ- 

ously indicated and is then subequal in length to hair 9 of the corresponding seg- 

ment. In the larva hair l-11 is frequently palmate and 7-VII is often double or triple. 

The following extremes in variation of chaetotaxy of the pupa have been seen:


hair 5-VI is fine, as in judithae, on a single specimen from Ithaca, New York; hair 

5-V is thickened, as in xelajuensis, on one side of the only specimen available for 

study from the Baltimore, Maryland, area; hair 9-VI,VII is shortened in some specimens 

from Ithaca and hair 5 of the corresponding segment is then longer than it. 

An. barberi is apparently the most modern species of the group. It is widespread, 

occurring throughout the eastern half of the United States, and the vestiture of the 

adult is the most derived of any New World treehole Anopheles. 

BIONOMICS. An. barberi is found at elevations of less than 1200 meters. The 

immature stages are found in rot holes in trees and stumps and in artificial containers, 

particularly those made of wood or containing leaves and twigs. Since long 

periods of unfavorable weather, at least in the northern portion of its range, are 

passed in the larval stage, the species is usually recovered from sites which contain 

water more or less continuously. More than a dozen larvae are seldom collected together; 

this is apparently due to their predacious nature. Adults are occasionally 

found resting in buildings and culverts and under bridges. Both sexes are attracted 

to lights and females are attracted to humans. 

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 1). An. barberi is the most widely distributed of the New 

World treehole Anopheles, being found at low to moderate elevations throughout 

the eastern United States, from South Dakota and New York in the north to Texas 

and Florida in the south. Material examined: 239 specimens; 60 males, 19 male genitalia, 

68 females, 1 adult, 34 pupae, 57 larvae; 24 individual rearings (3 pupal, 16 

larval, 5 incomplete). 

UNITED STATES. Alabama: Guntersville Lake, 28 May-27 Aug 1942, 3 9 [UCLA] . Ozark, 

Camp Rucker, 11 Mar 1943, J .G. Franclemont , 1 d [CU] . Sheffield, 18 Aug 1942, J.N. Belkin, 1 9 

[UCLA]. Wilson Dam, 10 June-19 July 1942, J.N. Belkin, 1 lp0 (167), 1 pd(171), 1 p? (168), 2 

d, 2 d gen [UCLA] ; 1942, 1 d [HOPK] . Arkansas: Little Rock, Little Fourche Bayou, 28-29 Mar 

1943, J.N. Belkin, 2 lp (440,448), 3 P [UCLA]. Scott, 2 Ott 1908, J.K. Thibault, 1 d, 1 d gen, 1 

P [USNM] . Delaware: Bombay Hook, 17 June 1964, R.W. Lake, 1 L [USNM] ; 19 Aug 1965, R.W. 

Lake, 1 9 [USNM] . Coach’s Bay, 26 June 1961, R.W. Lake (224), 1 d, 1 d gen [USNM] . District 

of Columbia: Kenilworth, 2 July 1943, C.W. Travis, 1 P [USNM] . Soldier’s Home, 3 July 1943, 

N.E. Good and C.W. Travis, 2 d’, 1 d gen [USNM]. No locality, 12 Aug 1944, N.E. Good, 1 L 

[USNM] . Georgia: Atlanta, Fort McPherson, 19 Apr 1943, 2 L [USNM] . Milledgeville, 14 June 

1950, R.H. Foote, 1 L [USNM] . Savannah, Chatham Field, 17 Aug 1944, 2 L [USNM] . Iowa: 

Ames, 10 Sept 1919, Bishopp (9085), 2 d, 1 6 gen [USNM]. Oskaloosa, 14 Sept 1933,l 9 [US- 

NM]. Kentucky: Louisville, G.E. Quinby, 1 d [USNM] . Maxon Mill, 17 June 1935, G.E. Quinby, 

1 d, 1 d gen [USNM] . Louisiana: Alexandria, Esler Field, 13 Ott 1942, W.W. Wirth, 1 d [USNM] . 

Baton Rouge, 1941-1947, W.W. Wirth, 2 ~3, 1 d gen, 1 0, 1 L [USNM]. Lake Charles, 15 June 

1943, W.W. Wirth, 1 d [USNM] . Olla, May 1943,l 0 [USNM] .Malyland: Annapolis, 6 July 1933, 

F.C. Bishopp, 1 P [USNM] . Baltimore, July 1931, 1 L [HOPK] . Baltimore, Gwynns Falls Park, 

July 1931, 1 Ip [HOPK] . Baltimore, Patapsco State Park, 17 Ott 1965, W.A. McDonald (UCLA 

286), 1 L [UCLA]. Bethesda, 22 Aug 1944, G.B. Vogt, 1 d, 1 Q [USNM] . Cabin John, Aug-Oct 

1908, F. Knab, 3 d, 5 9, 2 L [USNM] ; July 1965, W.A. McDonald (UCLA 286A), 1 L [UCLA]. 

Great Falls, 18 May 1919, W.L. McAtee, 1 0 [USNM]. Plummer’s Island, 23 Aug-10 Sept 1903, 

H.S. Barber, 2 9 [USNM] ; 5 Sept 1904, H.S. Barber and E.A. Schwarz, 1 9 [USNM] ; lo-13 July 

1905, H.S. Barber, 2 d, 2 C$ gen, 4 9 [USNM] ; 30 Aug 1908, F. Knab, 1 d [USNM] ; 24 May 

1912, E.A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber, 1 0 [USNM] ; 19 June 1912, H.S. Barber, 1 d [USNM] ; 13 

Sept (10263), eggs, 3 L [USNM] ; 1 0 [USNM] . Mississippi: Agricultural College, 23 July-l 5 Ott 

1905, G.W. Herrick, 2 9 [USNM]. Clinton, 30 May 1945,l d [USNM] . Greenwood, 1928,2 6, 1 

d gen, 3 0 [USNM] . Hattiesburg, Camp Shelby, 22 June 1943, 2 L [USNM] . Missouti: Neosho, 

Camp Crowder, 20 July 1942, A.B. Gurney (96), 1 0, 1 P [USNM] ; Sept 1942, A.B. Gurney 

(196), 1 9, 1 P, 1 L [USNM] . St. Louis, Aug, A. Busck, 1 9 [USNM] .iVew Jersey: Chester, 8 Sept, 

J.M. Aldrich, 1 0 [USNM] . New York: Ithaca, 15 June-15 Ott 1932, R. Matheson, 5 d, 10 9,l lp 

(1027-1065), 5 P, 8 L [CU], 2 d, 1 d gen, 3 9 [UCLA]; 1933, 1 L [CU]; 20 Aug 1935,


1 d, 1 A [CU] . North Carolina: Fayetteville, Fort Bragg, 1 Aug 1945,l 0 [USNM] . Montreat, 25 

June 1940, 1 0 [HOPK]. Ohio: Canton, 22 Dee 1967, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 437), 10 lpd (437- 

30-36,39,41,43), 4 1~0 (437-37,38,40,42), 1 pd (437-44), 2 8 gen, 1 L [UCLA]. Oklahoma: Idabel, 

7 June 1938, L.E. Rozeboom, 1 lp (A-42) [HOPK] . South Carolina: Charleston, Charleston 

Field, 17 Aug 1944, 2 L [USNM] . Columbia, 1 Aug 1906, 1 d, 1 d gen, 1 0 [USNM] . Tennessee: 

Kentucky Lake, 26 Aug 1942, 1 d, 1 d gen [UCLA]. Paris, Camp Tyson, 21 June 1944, 2 d 

[USNM] . Reelfoot Lake, 11 Sept 1939, T.W. Simpson and G.E. Quinby, 1 L [HOPK] . Virginia: 

Bluemont, 29 July 1904, 1 ~3 [USNM] . Dead Run, 2 July, R.C. Shannon, 3 d, 1 ~3 gen [USNM] . 

Newington, 22 Aug 1910, S.A. Rohwer, 1 0 [USNM] . Williamsburg, Camp Peary, July 1943,R. 

Bohart, 1 L [USNM] . Woodstock, 9 Aug 1904, F.C. Pratt, 2 d, 1 0 [USNM] . Texas: Abilene, 30 

Aug 1953, R.X. Schick, 2 9 [UCLA]. No Data: (Mound 10180), 1 lp? (10180A3), 1 d, 2 9 

[USNM] ; (Mound 10253-5), 1 d gen [USNM] ; E.B. Johnson (37-268), 1 d [USNM] ; (57-3), 1 L 

[USNM] ; (125-l), 1 0 [USNM] ; (140-2), 1 9 [USNM] ; (150-3), 1 d gen, 1 L [USNM] ;(150-4), 

1 d [USNM] ; 1 0 [USNM] ; 1 L [CU] . 

2. Anopheles (Anopheles) judithae Zavortink 

Figs. 1,5,6 

1969. Anopheles (Anopheles) judithae Zavortink, 1969:28-3 1. TYPE: Holotype d with associated 

larval and pupal skins (UCLA 302-40), Cochise Stronghold Recreation Area, Dragoon 

Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, United States, larva from oak treehole, 22 Mar 

1966, T.J. Zavortink [USNM] . 

Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi of Vargas (1940:319-322); Carpenter and La Casse (1955:32-34, 

in part); Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959: 15, in part); Carpenter (1968:72, in part). 

Anopheles barberi of Russel, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:21,31, in part); Jenkins and Carpenter 

(1946:35-36, in part); Richards, Nielsen and Rees (1956: 14); Rigby, Blakeslee and Forehand 

(1963:50); Burger (1965:396); Nielsen, Arnell and Linam (1967:76); Nielsen, Linam, Arnell 

and Zavortink ( 1968 : 363). 

Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) barberi of Vargas (1943:64,65,66,67, in part); Vargas and Martinez 

(1956:111-113,140,inpart). 

FEMALE. Wing: 3.3 1 mm. Proboscis: 1.92 mm. Forefemur: 2.18 mm. Abdomen: 

about 2.1 mm. Very similar to barberi but differing in the following. Head: Inter- 

ocular bristles amber; erect scales long, entirely pale white or some lateral ones dark; 

interocular scales numerous, white, usually none appreciably elongate. Thorax: An- 

terior acrostichal bristles amber; mesonotal scaling restricted to a small tuft of 5-20 

whitish scales in center of anterior promontory; ppl bristles 2-5. Legs: Anterior fore- 

coxal bristles 6- 18. 

MALE. Similar to female except for sexual differences. 

MALE GENITALIA (fig. 5). Sidepiece: More or less cylindrical or short conical 

in shape, short; spicules arranged singly, in rows, or in small clumps; scales absent; 

parabasal spines only slightly more strongly developed than internal spine; lateral 

parabasal spine not flattened preapically, apex gradually attenuate and strongly re- 

curved; internal spine more strongly developed than large setae of sidepiece, apex 

usually recurved. Claspette: Most lateral seta of ventral lobe distinctly shorter and/or 

finer than seta next mesad. Clasper: Without spicules near base. 

PUPA (fig. 5). Abdomen: 2.80 mm. Trumpet: 0.37 mm. Paddle: 0.83 mm. Width 

of segment VIII: 0.75 mm. Cephalothorax: Usually lightly pigmented with darker 

areas less extensive than in barberi; hairs 1,3-C subequal in length. Trumpet: Light


amber in color. Abdomen: Usually lightly pigmented, darker areas less extensive 

than in barberi; hairs 6,7-I more or less subequal in length; l-11,111 usually single 

(1-3b); hair 5-III-VI short, fine, usually 2,3b; hair 5-VII usually short, fine and 2,3b, 

sometimes thickened and single, but then longer than 9-VII; hair 9-III-VIII lightly 

pigmented, concolorous with abdominal integument; 9-111 more or less intermediate 

in diameter and length between 9-H and 9-IV; hair O-VII small, single; 7-VII usually 

2,3b (l-4), shorter than 9-VIII. Paddle: Usually lightly pigmented, midrib darker. 


Head: Inner clypeals (2-C) closely approximated, separated by a distance less than 

that between inner and outer clypeals, single and simple; outer clypeals (3-C) far 

mesad of 4-C fine, double; 11-C not plumose, single or 2,3b. Antenna: Spicules 

inconspicuous; hair 4-A simple, forked apically. Thorax: Integument without spicules; 

hair 2-P moderately long, with only a few (2-6) long lateral branches; 8-P moderately 

long, shaft not conspicuously thickened, lateral branches long and moderately 

numerous; 8-M moderately long, apical lateral branches very long; 8-T a normal 

plumose hair; 9-P,M,T simple. Abdomen: Integument without spicules; 1-I very 

short, usually single (1-3b), hair 1 -II-VII palmate; 6-III-VI less strongly plumose than 

6-1,II; hair 9-I-VI moderately developed, most branches arising near base, never stellate 

or plumose; 13-II-V,VII moderately developed, usually single (l-3b); hair 4-IV,V 

simple, single; 5-VII long with 3,4b arising from near base; 7-W moderately long 

with 2,3b arising from near base; lo-VII not plumose, but with 2,3b arising from 

near base. Segment VIZI: Hair 3 with 2-4b arising from base; 5 usually single. AnaZ 

Segment: Spicules of saddle inconspicuous, located along caudal margin and distal 

half of ventral margin; hair 1 simple, single. 

SYSTEMATICS. An. judithae is the treehole Anopheles of the southwestern United 

States. Although it is quite distinct from barberi in all stages, it was confused 

with that species for nearly 30 years. The two can be easily distinguished on the 

basis of the diagnostic features given in the keys. 

Although pupal hair 5-VII is fine and 2,3b in most specimens of judithae, it is 

thickened, single and elongate in a few individuals from nearly every collection. 

This is true not only in the population in the Gila River system, but also in the one 

in the Chisos Mountains of Texas. 

BIONOMICS. An. judithae occurs at elevations between 600 and 2200 meters. 

At the upper limit of its altitudinal range it occurs in the more or less continuous 

xeric evergreen forest, but at lower elevations it is restricted to the narrow bands 

of trees lining watercourses. The immature stages have been taken only from treeholes. 

Like barberi, judithae overwinters in the larval stage and, as a result, is more 

frequently found in permanent than temporary treeholes. In contrast to barberi, it 

is not unusual to find great numbers of judithae larvae in the same treehole. Except 

for 3 males collected in a building in Sonora, Mexico (Vargas 1940: 3 19-322), adults 

have not been encountered outside the laboratory. 

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 1). An. judithae is widely distributed at moderate to high 

elevations in the southwestern United States and, undoubtedly, northern Mexico. 

In Arizona and western New Mexico it is common in the Gila River system. In 

Texas it has been collected in the southern Trans-Pecos area. Material examined: 

1002 specimens; 200 males, 15 male genitalia, 190 females, 304 pupae, 293 larvae; 

168 individual rearings (56 pupal, 102 larval, 10 incomplete). 

MEXICO. Sonora: Imuris, 1940, A. Martinez Palacios, 1 d, 1 cf gen [ISET]. 

UNITED STATES. Arizona: Chiricahua National Monument, Headquarters, 24 Dee 1966, L.T. 

Nielsen (N-36-66), 1 d [UTAH] ; same data (N-37-66), 3 d, 4 0 [UTAH] . Cochise Stronghold Rec-

12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst ., vol. 5, no. 2, 1969 

reation Area (Dragoon Mts.), 22 Mar 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 302), holotype lpd (30240), 

allotype 1~9 (30242) [USNM] , 6 lpd (302-25,41,43,45,46,48), 5 lp? (302-44,47,49,5 1,52), 3 pd 

(302-100,101,103), 1 p? (302-102), 1 0, 1 P, 6 L [UCLA] ; 23 Mar 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 

306), 1 1~0 (306-20) [UCLA] ; 4 Sept 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 328), 1 lpd (328-22) [UCLA] ; 

6 Sept 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 342), 7 1~~3 (342-13,15,30,33,38,43,44), 11 1~0 (342-10,31, 

32,34-37,3942), 10 pd (342~100~106,109,110,113), 5 p? (342~107,108,111,112,114), 17 d, 2 d 

gen, 25 0, 48 P, 27 L [UCLA]. Coronado National Memorial, Headquarters, 20 Mar 1968, L.T. 

Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam (HA-10-68), 2 c$, 2 9 [UTAH]. Coronado National Memorial 

(1 mi E), 20 Mar 1968, L.T. Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam (HA-g-68), 2 d, 1 9 [UTAH]. 

Douglas (34 mi ENE), 13 Sept 1968, L.T. Nielsen (N-43-68), 2 0, 2 L [UTAH]. Fort Huachuca, 

17 Sept 1962, Bates, 1 d gen [USNM] . Kitt Peak National Observatory (Quinlan Mts.), 12 Sept 

1968, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 448), 1 Ipd (448-27), 6 lp? (448-20-25), 1 p? (448-15), 1 lp (448-28) 

[UCLA] ; 8 Sept 1969, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 630), 1 pd (630-103), 1 P, 14 L [UCLA]. Lochiel 

(2 mi E), 21 Mar 1968, L.T. Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam (HA-13-68), 1 d [UTAH]. 

Lochiel (11 mi E), 21 Mar 1968, L.T. Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam (HA-12A-68), 4 L 

[UTAH]. Nogales (13 mi NW), 21 Mar 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 297), 2 1~0 (297-20,21) 

[UCLA]. Nogales (9 mi NE), 21 Mar 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 298), 3 lpd (29840,42,49), 4 

lp? (29843,45,50,51), 3 pd (298-lOl-103), 4 lp (29841,4648), 1 d gen, 3 ?,4 P, 22 L [UCLA] ; 

same data (UCLA 299), 5 lpd (299-21,26,28-30), 6 lp? (299-20,23-25,27,31), 1 lp (299-22), 1 ~3 

gen, 2 L [UCLA] . Palominas ( 1 mi E), 20 Mar 1968, L.T. Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam 

(HA-8-68), 1 cl, 1 9 [UTAH]. Patagonia (14 mi WSW), 24 Aug 1954, W.A. McDonald (UCLA 

137), 2 L [UCLA] ; 6 Sept 1963, J. Burger (UCLA 413A), 2 L [UCLA] ; 18 Aug 1964, J. Burger 

(UCLA 253), 17 d, 11 9 [UCLA] ; 13 Sept 1964, J. Burger (UCLA 270), 3 L [UCLA] ; 20 Sept 

1964, J. Burger (UCLA 260), 17 d, 1 d gen, 9 ? [UCLA] ; 25 July 1965, J. Burger (UCLA 281), 4 

L [UCLA] ; 27 July 1965, J. Burger (UCLA 282), 5 L [UCLA] ; 21 Mar 1966, T.J. Zavortink 

(UCLA 300), 2 Ipd (300-30,38), 6 lp9 (300-32-36,39), 2 pd (300-100,102), 2 p? (300~101,103), 3 

d, 3 9,6 P, 12 L [UCLA] ; 5 Sept 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 333), 1 cl, 1 P, 2 L [UCLA] ; same 

data (UCLA 334), 1 1~~3 (334-15), 4 lp? (334-12-14,16), 2 pd (334-102,103), 3 p0 (334-100,101, 

104), 1 0, 3 P, 2 L [UCLA] ; 21 Mar 1968, L.T. Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam (HA-14-68), 

18 d, 17 0, 11 L [UTAH] ; 14 Sept 1968, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 458), 1 pQ (458-100). Portal (3 

mi W), 20 Mar 1968, L.T. Nielsen, J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam (HA-7A-68), 1 d [UTAH]. Portal 

(15 mi WNW), 6 Sept 1966, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 343), 9 lpd(343-14,15,17,31-34,36,37), 8 lp? 

(343-12,16,19,30,38-41) 10 pcl (343~100~104,107,109,110,113,114), 4 p0 (343~105,108,111, 

112), 2 lp (343-13,35), 30 d, 2 d gen, 25 9, 69 P, 39 L [UCLA]. Prescott, 19 Mar 1966, L.T. 

Nielsen (N-2-66), 2 cl, 1 0, 1 P, 5 L [UTAH]. Prescott (7 mi NE), 1 Sept 1966, T.J. Zavortink 

(UCLA 315), 2 lpd (315-16,18), 1 dgen [UCLA]. Santa Rita Mts., 20 Ott 1940, R.A. Flock, 1 d, 

1 0 [CU] , 1 c3, 1 d gen [UCLA]. Wickenburg (5 mi S), 18 Mar 1966, L.T. Nielsen (N-l-66), 1 d, 

1 dgen, 1 ?,9L [UTAH].NewMexico: Animas(lSmiS), 19Mar 1968,L.T.Nielsen,JH.Arnell 

and J.H. Linam (HA-6C-68), 1 0 [UTAH]. Glenwood (5 mi E), Catwalk Cmpg., 21 Mar 1967, L.T. 

Nielsen and J.H. Linam (N-5-67), 1 Cs, 1 ~3 gen, 1 P, 1 L [UTAH]. Texas: Big Bend National Park, 

Chisos Mts., 31 Aug 1969, T.J. Zavortink and J.A. Bergland (UCLA 603), 1 lp$ (603-23), 4 1~0 

(603~21,22,26,33), 6 pd (603-100,101,102,103,108,109), 2 p? (603~104,l lo), 2 lp (603-20,27), 2 

d gen, 1 I’, 4 L [UCLA] ; 1 Sept 1969, T.J. Zavortink (UCLA 612), 2 lpd (612-10,l l), 2 lp? (612- 

20,24), 1 L [UCLA] ; same data (UCLA 613), 1 lpd (613-14) [UCLA]. 

3. Anopheles (Anopheles) fausti Vargas 

Figs. 1,7,12 

Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) fausti Vargas, 1943:66-68. TYPE: Holotype larva, Tamazun- 

chale, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, from treehole, Apr or May 1942, M. Macias [ISET]. 

Anopheles (Anopheles) fausti of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959: 18, in part); Belkin, Schick and


Heinemann (1965:34); Zavortink (1969:30, in part). 

Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) fausti of Vargas and Martinez (1956: 113-l 16,141); Senevet (1958:43); 

Vargas (1959:377). 

Anopheles xelajuensis of Vargas (1942a:169-175); Russel, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:35, in 

part). 

FEMALE (fig. 12). Wing: 3.36 mm. Proboscis: 2.06 mm. Forefemur: 1.98 mm. 

Abdomen: about 2.0 mm. A small dark species. Head: Integument dark brown; in- 

terocular bristles white; erect scales apparently short, dark brown except for a small 

patch of bright white scales in anterior dorsal region; interocular scales very long, 

fine, wavy, white, forming a conspicuous tuft; palpus with white scales at joints and 

apex, proximal scales slightly outstanding. Thorax: Mesonotum elongate and rather 

flat; mesonotal integument dark brown except for broad hoary median longitudinal 

stripe; pleural integument largely dark brown; mesonotal bristles not as long, strong 

or conspicuous as in barberi and judithae, dark except for light anterior acrostichals; 

center of anterior promontory with a conspicuous tuft of white scales; acrostichal 

scale line extending about halfway to scutellum; ppl bristles 3-5. Legs: Coxae and 

trochanters white, strongly contrasting with dark pleuron; anterior forecoxal bris- 

tles 13-20; femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled except as follows: apex of fore- and 

midfemora with a few white scales, more conspicuous on midfemur; apex of hind- 

femur with a broad ring of semierect white scales; apex of tibiae usually with a few 

white scales. Wing: Dark scaled except for a single large cream-colored apical fringe 

spot at ends of branches of vein R; scales of veins uniformly distributed and not 

grouped into dark spots; moderately scaled; scales in middle of vein IA nearly clasp- 

ing vein. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites dark brown. 

MALE. As for female except for usual sexual differences, 

MALE GENITALIA (fig. 12). Sidepiece : More or less cylindrical or short conical 

in shape, short; spicules grouped into large clumps; 1 to 5 scales usually present; 

parabasal spines slightly to considerably stronger than internal spine; lateral para- 

basal spine flattened preapically, apex attenuate and straight to recurved; internal 

spine as or more strongly developed than large setae of sidepiece, apex nearly 

straight, curved or recurved. Claspette: Lateral 2 setae of ventral lobe subequal in 

length and stoutness. Clasper: Sometimes with a few spicules near base of ventral 

surface. 

PUPA. Unknown. 


Head: Inner clypeals (2-C) closely approximated, separated by a distance much less 

than that between inner and outer clypeals, single, weakly plumose at least apically; 

outer clypeals (3X) distinctly laterad of 4-C, fine, usually forked apically; 11-C 

plumose, with 9-l 3 lateral branches. Antenna: Spicules conspicuous; hair 4-A sing- 

le, plumose. Thorax: Integument apparently not spiculose; hair 2-P moderately long, 

plumose, with numerous lateral branches; 8-P long, shaft not notably thickened, 

lateral branches short and moderately numerous; 8-M long, all lateral branches short; 

8-T a normal plumose hair; 9-P,M,T barbed. Abdomen: Integument apparently not 

spiculose; hair 1-I very short, single or double, l-II-VII palmate; 6-IV-VI shorter 

and less strongly plumose than 6-I-111; hair 9-I-VI distinctly plumose; 13-II-V,VII 

rather weakly developed with numerous (4-12) fine branches apically; 4-IV,V weak- 

ly plumose; 5-VII long, plumose; 7-VII short, plumose or forked apically; lo-VII 

plumose. Segment VIII: Hair 3 plumose; hair 5 4,Sf. Anal Segment: Spicules of sad- 

dle moderately conspicuous, located along caudal margin and ventral margin distad 

of hair 1; hair 1 single, weakly plumose apically.


SYSTEMATICS. An. fausti is readily separated from all species except arbori- 

COZUS in all known stages by the characters given in the keys. It is distinguished 

from arboricolus only in the larval stage; the differences are indicated in the key 

and the systematics section of arboricolus. 

The distal portion of many of the larval hairs of fausti is plumose or forked; 

because of the fineness of these branches it has not been possible to count them 

accurately. 

In contrast to the other austral species of New World treehole Anopheles, fausti 

appears to be a low elevation form. 

BIONOMICS. The larvae of the type series were collected in treeholes at elevations 

of less than 200 meters in a tropical rain forest. Nothing is known of the 

habits of the adults. 

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 1). Known definitely only from Tamazunchale and environs, 

at the base of the Sierra Madre Oriental in central Mexico. I have not seen 

the material upon which the Nicaragua record in Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959: 

18) is based. Material examined: 11 specimens; 2 males, 3 male genitalia, 2 females, 

4 larvae. 

MEXICO. San Luis Potosi: Tlapexhuacan, near Tamazunchale, Apr 1942, M. Macias, 1 0 

[HOPK] ,2 c?, 1 d gen, 1 0, 1 L [ISET], 2 d gen, 3 L [USNM] . 

4. Anopheles (Anopheles) arboricolus Zavortink, n.sp. 

Figs. 1,8,12 

TYPES: Holotype larva (PA 647), “Bajo Grande,” near Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama, eleva- 

tion about 2070 meters, from treehole, 18 Mar 1964 [USNM] . Paratypes: 5 larvae (PA 647), same 

data as holotype [UCLA]. 

Anopheles (Anopheles) fausti of Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959: 18, in part); Zavortink (1969: 

30, in part). 

?AnopheZes (Anopheles) xelajuensis of Lane (1953: 171-172, in part); Stone, Knight and Starcke 

(1959:30, in part). 

?AnopheZes xelajuensis of Galindo (1947 : 23). 

FEMALE. Unknown. 

MALE. Wing: 3.67 mm. Proboscis: 2.54 mm. Forefemur: 2.23 mm. Abdomen: 

about 2.3 mm. A small dark species. Very similar to fausti and possibly not distinguishable 

from it since the following minute differences may be individual rather 

than specific. Head: Erect scales short, especially mesally, patch of bright white 

scales larger than in fausti. Legs: Femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled except for a 

ring of semierect white scales at apex of hindfemur, this ring narrower and with 

the scales less outstanding than in fausti. 

MALE GENITALIA (fig. 12). Probably indistinguishable from fausti. Sidepiece: 

More or less short conical in shape, short; parabasal spines considerably stronger 

than internal spine; internal spine more strongly developed than large bristles of 

sidepiece, apex recurved. Clasper: Without spicules near base. 

PUPA. Unknown. 



than that between inner and outer clypeals, single and simple; outer clypeals (3-C) 

distinctly laterad of 4-C, fine, single or forked apically; 11-C plumose, with 6-8 lat-


era1 branches. Antenna: Spicules apparently absent; hair 4-A simple, single or double. 

Thorax: Integument apparently without spicules; hair 2-P moderately long, plumose, 

with numerous lateral branches; 8-P moderately long, shaft very thick, lateral 

branches short and numerous; 8-M moderately long, all lateral branches moderately 

long; 8-T a normal plumose hair; 9-P,M simple; 9-T very weakly plumose, with 4-6 

lateral branches. Abdomen: Integument apparently without spicules; hair 1-I very 

short, usually single (l-3b), hair l-11 multiple or palmate, l-III-VII palmate; 6-I-VI 

similar in development and length; 9-I,11 moderately developed, with multiple branches 

arising near base, 9-III-VI distinctly plumose; 13-II-V,VII moderately developed, 

usually 3b (2-6); hair 4-IV,V usually weakly plumose; 5-VII moderately long with 

3,4b usually arising near base; 7-VII short with 4-7b usually arising near base; lo- 

VII plumose. Segment VIII: Hair 3 single, simple; hair 5 usually with 2,3b from 

base. Anal Segment: Spicules on saddle inconspicuous, located along ventral margin 

distad of hair 1 and along caudal edge; hair 1 single, simple. 

SYSTEMATICS. An. arboricolus is at present definitely known from a single collection 

of 3 fourth and 3 third instar larvae from the Chiriqui Volcano region of 

western Panama. Although these larvae agree with those of fausti in many significant 

details, they differ in so many others that I do not hesitate to recognize them 

as a distinct species in the absence of associated adults. In addition to the characters 

given in the key, larvae of the 2 species differ in morphology of hairs 4-A, 8-P,M, 

9-P,M,T, 6-IV-VI, S-VII and 3-VIII. The description of the male and male genitalia 

of arboricolus is based on a single individual; the presumptive association of this 

specimen with the larvae is probably correct since the specimen is from the same 

region as the larvae and, like them, similar to fausti. In fact, as indicated in the description 

above, adults and male genitalia of fausti and arboricolus are probably indistinguishable. 

The original record of xelajuensis from the Chiriqui Volcano region of Panama 

(Galindo, 1947:23) and the subsequent ones based on it (Lane, 1953:172; Stone, 

Knight and Starcke, 1959:30) possibly refer to arboricoZus. The record of fausti 

from Panama (Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959: 18) is apparently based on the same 

male that I have seen and tentatively associated with arboricolus. 

BIONOMICS. The larvae of the type series were collected in a treehole at an elevation 

of about 2070 meters. The report of finding 6 males and 4 females of xelajuensis 

resting in hollow trees at an elevation of about 1900 meters on Volcan Chiriqui 

(Galindo, 1947:23) may refer to this species. 

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 1). Currently known only from high elevations in the Chiriqui 

Volcano area of western Panama. Material examined: 8 specimens; 1 male, 1 

male genitalia, 6 larvae. 

PANAMA. Chiriqui: “Bajo Grande,” near Cerro Punta, type series, see above. El Volcan Chiriqui, 

30 June 1943, T.H.G. Aitken, 1 c$, 1 c$ gen [USNM] . 

5. Anopheles ( Anopheles) xelajuensis de Leon 

Figs. 1,9,10,12 

1938. Anopheles xelajuensis de Leon, 1938:421-423. TYPE: Holotype c3, Cerro Quemado, near 

Quezaltenango, Quezaltenango, Guatemala, 2 Jan 1936, J. Romeo de Leon [ESPG] . 

Anopheles 

(Anopheles) xelajuensis of Lane (1953:171-172, in part); Stone, Knight and Starcke 

(1959:30, in part); Belkin, Schick and Heinemann (1965:28); Zavortink (1969:30).


Anopheles xeiizjuensis of Komp (1941:92,96); Russel, Rozeboom and Stone (1943:35, in part); 

Forattini(l961:174,180,181). 

Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) xelajuensis of Vargas and Martinez (1956: 116-l 19,142); Vargas (1959: 

377). 

Anopheles (Russellia) xelajuensis of Vargas ( 1943 :65,67,68-70); Senevet (1958:44). 

FEMALE (fig. 12). Wing: 5.16 mm. Proboscis: 2.92 ,mm. Forefemur: 2.75 mm. 

Abdomen: about 2.6 mm. A large dark species. Head: Integument dark brown; in- 

terocular bristles whitish; erect scales long, mostly black, anterior ones brilliant 

white; interocular scales white, much elongate, forming a conspicuous tuft; palpus 

entirely dark scaled, basal scales semierect. Thorax: Mesonotum long and only slight- 

ly arched; mesonotal integument dark brown with a broad hoary median longitudi- 

nal stripe; pleural integument dark brown; anterior mesonotal bristles not as long, 

strong or conspicuous as in barberi and judithae, dark except for light anterior acros- 

tichals; narrow white scales in tuft in center of anterior promontory and extending 

through anterior third of acrostichal line; ppl bristles 3-5. Legs: Coxae and trochan- 

ters white; anterior forecoxal bristles 8-16; femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled ex- 

cept as follows: femora with apical white scales, few on foreleg, many, forming a 

conspicuous ring, on hindleg; fore- and midtibiae with a few white scales at apex; 

hindtibia with long broad apical white patch covering anterior, dorsal and posterior 

surfaces. Wing: Largely dark scaled; apex of costa and vein R, with yellowish-white 

scales; 4 fringe spots usually present, 1 large, extending from end of costa to vein 

R 4 +5, 3 smaller, at ends of veins M1 +z, Ma +4 and Cu, ; dark scales not uniformly 

distributed, but grouped into strong spots at base of veins Rs and R4+5 and at furca- 

tion of veins Rz +3, M and Cu; profusely scaled; scales in middle portion of vein 1A 

somewhat spreading. Abdomen: Tergites black, sternites black with basal white 

band. 

MALE. As for female except for sexual characters. 

MALE GENITALIA (fig. 9). Sidepiece: More or less cylindrical in shape, long; 

spicules arranged singly, in rows or in small clumps; scales numerous, 6-l 6; para- 

basal spines stronger than internal spine; lateral parabasal spine not flattened pre- 

apically, apex gradually attenuate and recurved; internal spine slightly stronger than 

large bristles of sidepiece, apex curved. Claspette: Lateral 2 setae of ventral lobe 

subequal in stoutness, but outermost usually shorter. Clasper: With at least a few 

spicules near base of ventral surface. 

PUPA (fig. 9). Abdomen: not measured. Trumpet: 0.55 mm. Paddle: 1.19 mm. 

Width of segment VIII: 0.92 mm. Cephalothorax: Moderately pigmented with dark- 

er areas more extensive than in powderi; hair 3-C much longer than 1-C. Trumpet: 

Brown. Abdomen: Moderately pigmented, darker areas more extensive than in pow- 

deri; hair 6-I much longer than 7-I; hair l-11,111 multiple (3-5b); hair 5-111,IV short, 

fine, usually 3,4b ; hair 5-V-VII thickened, much longer than hair 9 of correspond- 

ing segment, and with 3-5 fine lateral or apical branches; 9-III-VIII moderately pig- 

mented, concolorous with to slightly darker than abdominal integument; 9-111 ap- 

proaching 9-IV in both diameter and length; O-VII enlarged, 5,6b; hair 7-VII single, 

longer than 9-VIII. PaddIe: Moderately pigmented, midrib not darker. 



than that between inner and outer clypeals, single and simple; outer clypeals (3-C) 

distinctly laterad of 4-C, single, thickened; 11-C not plumose, with 2-5b from near 

base. Antenna: Spicules inconspicuous; hair 4-A single and simple. Thorax: Integu-


ment, at least on ventral surface, spiculose; hair 2-P stellate, 9-15b; hair 8-P moderately 

long, shaft very stout, lateral branches very short and moderately numerous; 

8-M moderately long, basal lateral branches very long; 8-T with thickened shaft, not 

plumose to apex, distal end blunt; 9-P,M,T barbed. Abdomen: Integument, at least 

on more posterior segments, spiculose; l-I-VII stellate; &IV-VI less strongly plumose 

than 6-I-111; hair 9-I-VI stellate, very strongly developed; 13-II-V,VII strongly developed, 

stellate; 4-IV,V simple, single or double; 5,7-VTI stellate, 8-l lb; hair IO-VII 

stellate, 4-6b. Segment VIII: Hair 3 with 3-6 very stout branches from base; hair 5 

stellate, 18-22b. Anal Segment: Spicules on saddle very conspicuous, located on all 

but basal portion of saddle; hair 1 with 3-5b, usually from base. 

SYSTEMATICS. An. xelajuensis is the most differentiated New World treehole 

Anopheles. The most striking characteristics of the species have been indicated in 

the keys and the systematics chapter. 

According to the original description, which is based on a single male from Guatemala, 

the hindtibia of xezajuensis is entirely dark scaled. The adults from Mexico 

examined during this study have a conspicuous large white patch at the apex of the 

hindtibia. It is possible that these specimens represent a different species, but this 

cannot be determined until additional material, especially topotypic xelajuensis, is 

obtained. 

BIONOMICS. Larvae of xelajuensis have been collected in a treehole at an elevation 

of 2500 meters. According to Vargas (1943 :70) the larvae feed on bottom sediments 

and spend relatively little time at the surface, the pupal stage lasts 12 to 15 

days and females readily bite humans. The holotype male was collected between 

rocks in an oak forest in the highlands of Guatemala. 

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 1). Known only from high elevations in the Sierra Madre 

de1 Sur of southern Mexico and the Sierra Madre in Guatemala. The Panama records 

of Galindo (1947:23), Lane (1953: 172) and Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959: 

30) refer to arboricozus or powderi. Material examined: 13 specimens; 2 males, 3 

male genitalia, 1 female, 1 pupa, 6 larvae. 

MEXICO. Oaxaca: Galera Vieja, between Ixtlan and Tepanzacoalco, Sept 1942, M. Macias, 1 d 

gen, 1 L [CU] ,2 d, 2 d gen, 1 0,2 L [ISET] , 1 P, 2 L [USNM] , 1 L [UCLA]. 

6. Anopheles (Anopheles) powderi Zavortink, n.sp. 

Figs. 1 ,l 1 

TYPE: Holotype 0 with associated pupal skin (CR 50-102), about 10 km SE of La Sierra, San 

Jose, Costa Rica, elevation about 2400 meters, from rothole in fallen tree, 24 Nov 1962, C.L. 

Hogue and W.A. Powder [USNM] . This species is dedicated to William A. Powder, in recognition 

of his contributions to the “Mosquitoes of Middle America” project. 

?AnopheZes (Anopheles) xelajuensis of Lane (1953:171-172, in part); Stone, Knight and Starcke 

(1959:30, in part). 

?Anopheles xelujuensis of Galindo ( 1947 : 23). 

FEMALE (fig. 11). Wing: 5 .15 mm. Proboscis: 3.13 mm. Forefemur: 2.88 mm. 

Abdomen: about 2.7 mm. A large dark species. Quite similar to xelajuensis, differ- 

ing mostly in ornamentation of leg and wing. Head: Interocular bristles amber. Tho- 

rax: Whitish acrostichal scales extending about halfway to scutellum. Legs: Femora, 

tibiae and tarsi dark scaled except for conspicuous ring of semierect white scales at


apex of hindfemur and a few white scales at apex of hindtibia. Wing: Veins and 

fringe dark scaled except for a single large apical fringe spot extending from end of 

vein R, to end of vein M, +2 ; scales of veins uniformly distributed and not grouped 

into dark spots; profusely scaled; scales in middle portion of vein 1A wide spread- 

ing. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites black. 

MALE and MALE GENITALIA. Unknown. 

PUPA (fig. 11). Abdomen: 4.75 mm. Trumpet: 0.54 mm. Paddle: 1.27 mm. 

Width of segment VIII: 1 .l 1 mm. Cephalothorax: Lightly pigmented with darker 

areas less extensive than in xelajuensis; hairs 1,3-C subequal in length. Trumpet: 

Light amber in color. Abdomen: Lightly pigmented, darker areas less extensive than 

in xelajuensis; hairs 6,7-I subequal in length; l-11,111 multiple; S-III-VII short, fine, 

usually 2,3b; hair 9-III-VIII lightly pigmented, more or less concolorous with ab- 

dominal integument; 9-111 approaching 9-IV in diameter and length; O-VII small, 

single; 7-VII double, shorter than 9-VIII. Paddle: Very lightly pigmented, midrib 

not noticeably darker. 

LARVA. Unknown. 

SYSTEMATICS. An. powderi is known from a single female with its associated 

pupal skin. The adult, as indicated in the key, is adequately distinct but the pupa, 

except for its much larger size, is scarcely differentiated from that of judithae. An. 

xelajuensis is the only other New World treehole Anopheles of comparable size. 

This species could extend through the Cordillera de Talamanca into western Pan- 

ama, and, if so, it might be the xelajuensis of Galindo (1947:23), Lane (1953:172) 

and Stone, Knight and Starcke (1959:30). 

BIONOMICS. The pupa of powderi was taken from a rothole in a fallen tree at an 

elevation of about 2400 meters in a cloud forest. 

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 1). Presently known solely from the holotype which was 

collected high in the Cordillera de Talamanca in southern Costa Rica. Material ex- 

amined: 2 specimens; 1 female, 1 pupa; 1 pupal rearing. 

COSTA RICA. San Jose: La Sierra (10 km SE), holotype, see above. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Belkin, John N., R.X. Schick, P. Galindo and T.H.G. Aitken 

1965. Mosquito Studies (yiptera, Culicidae). I. A project for a systematic study 

of the mosquitoes of Middle America. Amer. Entomol. Inst., Contrib. l(2): 

1-17. 

Belkin, John N., R.X. Schick and S.J. Heinemann 

1965. Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae). V. Mosquitoes originally described 

from Middle America. Amer. Entomol. Inst., Contrib. l(5). 95 p. 

Burger, John F. 

1965. Aedes kompi Vargas and Downs 1950, new to the United States. Mosquito 

Iqews 25:396-398. 

Carpenter, Stanley J. 

1968. Review of recent literature on mosquitoes of North America. Calif. Vector 

Views 15:7 l-98. 

Carpenter, Stanley J. and W.J. LaCasse 

1955. Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico). Berkeley, Univ. Calif. 

Press. 360 p. 

Coquillett, Daniel W. 

1903. A new Anopheles with unspotted wings. Can. Entomol. 35 :3 10.


Darsie, Richard F. 

1949. Pupae of the anopheline mosquitoes of the northeastern United States 

(Diptera, Culicidae). Rev. Entomol. 20:509-530. 

Dyar, Harrison G. 

1904. Brief notes on mosquito larvae. N.Y. Entomol. Sot., J. 12:243-246. 

19 18. Notes on American Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae 

Mens. 6:141-151. 

1928. The mosquitoes of the Americas. Wash.,Carnegie Inst. (Publication 387). 

616 p. 

Dyar, Harrison G. and F. Knab 

1906. The larvae of Culicidae classified as independent organisms. N.Y. Entomol. 

Sot., J. 14: 169-230. 

1907. On the classification of the mosquitoes. Can. Entomol. 39:47-50. 

Edwards, Frederick W. 

192 1. A revision of the mosquitoes of the Palearctic region. Bull. Entomol. Res. 

12:263-35 1. 

Forattini, Oswald0 P. 

196 1. Chaves para a identificacao do genero Anopheles Meigen, 18 18, da Regiao 

Neotropical (Diptera, Culicidae). Rev. Brasil. Entomol. 10: 169-l 87. 

Galindo, Pedro 

1947. Anopheles xelajuensis de Leon, a new addition to the known anopheline 

fauna of Panama. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 23:44. 

Howard, Leland O., H.G. Dyar and F. Knab 

19 17. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. v.4. 

Wash., Carnegie Inst. (Publication 159). p. 525-1064. 

Jenkins, Dale W. and S.J. Carpenter 

1946. Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of Nearctic North America. 

Ecol. Monogr. 16:31-47. 

Komp, William H.W. 

1941. The classification and identification of the Anopheles mosquitoes of Mexi- 

co, Central America and the West Indies. In Moulton, Forest, R., A symposium 

on human malaria. Wash., Amer. Ass. Advance. Sci. (Publication 15). 398 p. 

Lane, John 

1953. Neotropical Culicidae. Sao Paula, Univ. Sao Paulo. 2 v. 1112 p. 

de Leon, J. Romeo 

1938. El anophelismo de altura en Guatemala. Bol. Dir. Gen. Sanid. Publica (Gua- 

temala) 9:41 l-424. 

Matheson, Robert 

1944. Handbook of the mosquitoes of North America. ed. 2. Ithaca, Comstock 

Publishing Co. 3 14 p. 

Nielsen, Lewis T., J H. Arnell and J.H. Linam 

1967. A report on the distribution and biology of the tree hole mosquitoes in the 

western United States. Calif. Mosquito Control Ass., Proc. Pap. 35 :72-76. 

Nielsen, Lewis T., J.H. Linam, J H. Arnell and T.J. Zavortink 

1968. Distributional and biological notes on the tree hole mosquitoes of the west- 

ern United States. Mosquito News 28:361-365. 

Penn, George H. 

1949. Pupae of the Nearctic anopheline mosquitoes north of Mexico. Nat. Malar- 

ia Sot., J. 8:50-69.


Petersen, J. J., H.C. Chapman and O.R. Willis 

1969. Predation of Anopheles barberi Coquillett on first instar mosquito larvae. 

Mosquito News 29 : 134-l 35. 

Richards, Charles S., L.T. Nielsen and D.M. Rees 

1956. Mosquito records from the Great Basin and the drainage of the lower Colo- 

rado River. Mosquito News 16: 10-17. 

Ribgy, Paul T., T.E. Blakeslee and C.E. Forehand 

1963. The occurrence of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Anopheles barberi 

(Coquillett), and Culex thriambus (Dyar) in Arizona. Mosquito News 23:50. 

Russel, Paul F., L.E. Rozeboom and A. Stone 

1943. Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the World. Philadelphia, Amer. Ent- 

omol. Sot. 152 p. 

Senevet, Georges 

1958. Les Anopheles due globe. Revision generale. Encycl. Entomol. (A) 36. 

215 p. 

Stone, Alan, K.L. Knight and H. Starcke 

1959. A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the World (Diptera, Culicidae). 

Wash., Entomol. Sot. Amer. (Thomas Say Found. Publication 6). 358 p. 

Stratman-Thomas, W.K. and F.C. Baker 

1936. Anopheles barberi Coquillett, as a vector of Plasmodium vivax Grassi and 

Feletti. Amer. J. Hyg. 24: 182-183. 

Vargas, Luis 

1940. Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi en Mexico. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. Trop., 

Rev. 1:319-322. 

1942a. Anopheles xelajuensis Romeo de Leon, 1938 en Mexico. Inst. Salubr. En- 

ferm. Trop., Rev. 3: 169-175. 

1942b. El huevo de AnopheZes barberi Coquillett, 1903. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. 

Trop., Rev. 3:329-33 1. 

1943. Los subgeneros Americanos de AnopheEes (Diptera, Culicidae). Anopheles 

(Russellia) xelajuensis de Leon, 1938 n.subgn. y Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) 

fausti n.sp. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. Trop., Rev. 4:57-77. 

1959. Lista de Anopheles de las Americas y su identification por caracteres mas- 

culinos. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. Trop., Rev. 19:367-386. 

Vargas, Luis and Amado Martinez Palacios 

1956. Anofelinos Mexicanos Taxonomia y distribution. Mexico, D.F., Secretar. 

Salubr. Asistencia. 181 p. 

Zavortink, Thomas J. 

1969. Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae). XV. A new species of treehole breed- 

Anopheles from the southwestern United States. Amer. Entomol. Inst., Con- 

trib. 4(4):27-38.


FIGURES 

1. Distribution of collections examined 

2. Anopheles (An.) barberi; adult 

3. Anopheles (An.) barberi; male genitalia and pupa 

4. Anopheles (An.) barberi; larva 

5. Anopheles (An.) judithae; male genitalia and pupa 

6. Anopheles (An.) judithae; larva 

7. Anopheles (An.) fausti; larva 

8. Anopheles (An. ) arboricolus ; larva 

9. Anopheles (An.) xelajuensis; male genitalia and pupa 

10. Anopheles (An. ) xelajuensis; larva 

11. Anopheles (An.) powderi; pupa and pleuron and mesonotum of adult 

12. Anopheles (An.) arboricolus; male genitalia. Anopheles (An.) fausti; male gentalia, 

wing and hindleg. Anopheles (An.) xelajuensis; wing and hindleg.

Muryland 

United States 

VO.lW 

FORE MID

ANOPHELES

) 

Fig. 5 

0.2 

I

1.0 

A MP

\ ANOPHELES ,, 

1 Fig. 9 

I 0.2 

I 

xelajuensis 

OUXUCU 

Mexico

ANOPHELES 

powderi 

CR 50 

San Jose 

Costa Rica 

ii

Gin I3 ANOPHELES 

Mexico 

fausti 

srm L&s Potosi 

Maico 

1 

fausti 

smz Luis Potosi 

M&&O 

I _ / / 0.2 

~-l.o-

TABLE 1. 

Groups of New World treehole Anopheles 

CHARACTER barberi and judithae arboricolus and fmsti xelajuensis powderi 

SIZE small small large large 

ADULT 

interocular scales 

erect head scales 

light palpal patches 

mesonotum 

mesonotal hoary 

stripe 

acrostichal scaling 

color of coxae 

apex of hindfemur 

apex of hindtibia 

dark spots on 

wing veins 

light patches on 

wing veins 

light fringe spots 

MALE GENITALIA 

absent to numerous 

and short 

light mesally, light or 

darker laterally 

absent 

shortened and arched 

absent 

absent or tuft on 

promontory 

same as adjacent portions 

of pleuron 

dark 

dark 

absent 

absent 

absent 

numerous and long 

bright white mesally, 

very dark laterally 

present 

longer and flatter 

present 

long line 

much lighter than 

pleuron 

conspicuous white 

ring 

dark 

absent 

absent 

1, from R 1 to R,+s 




absent 


present 

long line 


pleuron 


ring 


patch 

present at base of 

branches 

present at apex of 

costa and Rr 

4,1 from Rr to R,+s, 

1 each at end of 

Mr+z, Ma+4 and Cur 




absent 


present 

long line 


pleuron 


ring 

dark 

absent 

absent 

1,fromRr toMr+a 

sidepiece short short long unknown 

arrangement of side- singly, rows or large clumps singly, rows or unknown 

piece spicules small clumps small clumps 

sidepiece scales absent few many unknown 

ventral claspette lobe lateral seta not as strongly lateral 2 setae subequally lateral seta not as strongly unknown 

developed as 1 next developed developed as 1 next 

mesad mesad 

LARVA 

hair 3-C 

1lC 

l-III-VII 

9-III-VI 

4-IV,V 

IO-VII 

fine, mesad of 4C 

1-3b from base 

pahnate 

branched from base, moderately 

developed 

simple, single 

2,3b from base or middle 

DISTRIBUTION widespread 

United States, northern 

Mexico 

fine, laterad of 4C 

plumose 

palmate 

plumose 

plumose 

plumose 

restricted 

central Mexico, west- 

em Panama 

thick, laterad of 4C 

2-5b from base 

stellate 

stellate, very strongly 

developed 

simple, single or double 

4_6b, stellate 

restricted 

southern Mexico, 

Guatemala 

unknown 

unknown 

unknown 

unknown 

unknown 

unknown 

restricted 

Costa Rica 

HABITAT temperate deciduous forest, humid montane forest, wet montane forest montane cloud 

xeric evergreen forest, 

gallery forest 

tropical forest forest 

i


INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 

arboricolus Zavortink, 2,3, 5-7k, 14, 14-15, 17; I, 8, 12 

barberi Coquillett, 1,2, 3, 5-7k, 7-10, 10, 11, 13, 16; 1-4 

barberi of authors, 10 

barianensis James, 2 

Coelodiazesis Dyar & Knab, 2 

Cyclophorus Eysell, 2 

eiseni Coquillett, 3, S-6k 

fausti Vargas, 1,2,3, 5-7k, 12-14, 14, 15; 1, 7, 12 

fausti of authors, 14, 15 

judithae Zavortink, 2,5-7k, 8,9, 10-12, 13, 16, 18; I, 5, 6 

plumbeus Stephens, 2 

powderi Zavortink, 2,3,5-6k, 16, 17, 17-18; I, II 

Russellia Vargas, 2 

xelajuensis de Leon, 1,2,3,4,5-6k, 9, 15-17, 17, 18; I, 9, 10, 12 

xelajuensis of authors, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18

(Continued from inside front cover) 



X. Peters, T. Michael. Dixinae originally described from North America. 7 pages. 

XI. Belkin, John N., Robert X. Schick, and Sandra J. Heinemann. Mosquitoes 

originally described from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. 

29 pages. Price: $1.25, postpaid. 


XII. Berlin, 0. G. W. A revision of the Neotropical subgenus ~ Howardina of - Aedes. 


No. 3. Carlson, Robert W. and Fred B. Knight. Biology, taxonomy, and evolution of four 

sympatric species of Agrilus beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). 105 pages, 47 figures. 

Price: $3.50, postpaid.

Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XIX. The treehole Anopheles ...

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