Aquila clanga, commonly called the Greater Spotted Eagle, is a large bird of prey from the family Accipitridae.
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811 |
🗒 Common Names
| Assamese |
|
| English |
|
📚 Overview
Summary
Bird group
Kites, hawks and eagles
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.URL: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175411. Accessed on 24th February, 2012.
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Mating system: Likely to form monogamous pairs during the breeding season.
Season: April to June.
Nest: Built on tree tops, rock faces and even on the ground. Usually a very large platform of sticks and twigs and sparsely lined with dried grass and assorted plant stems. It has a central depression lined with leaves.
Clutch size: 1-3.
Eggs: Broad oval and white in colour, sometimes with red freckles.
Average time to hatching: 42 days.
Parental investment: Both sexes care for their offspring.
Morphology
A medium-sized eagle that is pale above and has dark brownish wings and body with minute white specs. Flight feathers, upperwing and underwing coverts dark brown in colour. Head is stocky and tail is short. Short and broad wings almost flat when soaring and angled down at carpels when gliding.
Sexes alike. Females larger.
Juveniles have paler crown and nape, and whitish upper tail-coverts, seen as a broad crescentic patch above tail in flight.
Look Alikes
Lesser Spotted Eagle A. pomarina, adult Steppe Eagle A. nipalenis, Tawny Eagle A. rapax and Imperial Eagle A. heliaca.
Behaviour
Although they are generally territorial, these birds become more social in their winter quarters, with small flocks of about ten birds of varying age patrolling together. Also frequently seen at wintering sites associating with other Accipitridae species like local and/or migrant Black Kites or Steppe Eagles.
The Greater Spotted Eagle is known to pirate food from other birds of prey, sometimes even forcing Black Kites to surrender their prey.
Although it is mostly a quiet bird, it's call is reportedly a strident jeb jeb jeb frequently uttered from a tree top during the breeding season.
Trophic Strategy
Carnivorous.
Diet consists largely of frogs, but this species is also known to eat small mammals, waterfowl, small birds and snakes. It also eats carrion.
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Freshwater
A. Global:
Landmass Type: Continent
Habitat systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater.
Forest Dependency: Medium.
Altitude: 0 - 1400 m.
Altitudinal limits: 0 - 4000 m.
Breeding Habitats: Artificial landscapes (terrestrial) - Arable land; Forest - Temperate; Inland Wetlands - Bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands.
B. In India:
Found in well-watered areas including large marshes, jheels and canals.
Seen largely in well watered areas frequenting beels and other water bodies.
Description
Distribution size (in km2): 12800000.
Global range:
Central to East Palearctic, Africa to South East Asia
Indian subcontinent range:
North East Afghanistan, Sind, Indus valley, Northern plains to West Assam, Central Bangladesh, Central India, Central & South Peninsula
Global Distribution
India, Africa, China, Russia, Siberia, Southeast Europre (the Balkans)
Distribution In India
North East India, also records from Manipur
Distribution In Assam
Migratory in Assam (Bordoibam-Bilmukh BS, Burhachapori WLS, Deepor Beel BS, Dhakra beel of Dhubri district, Dibru-Saikhowa NP, Kaziranga NP, Laokhowa WLS, Nameri NP, Orang NP, Pabitora WLS, Pani Dihing BS, Phokolai beel, Doboli Chapori)
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Category
Vulnerable
Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable C2a(ii) (ver 3.1)
Year Published: 2011
Assessor/s: BirdLife International
Reviewer/s: Symes, A., Taylor, J., Butchart, S.
Contributor/s: Round, P., Hilton, G., Löhmas, A.
Legislation
CITES Status
Appendix II
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) India Listed Species:Yes. Appendix:II.
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Global Listed Species:Yes. Appendix:II.
AEWA (Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds) Listed Species:Yes. Appendix:I/II.
IWPA (Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972) Listed Species:No.
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
📚 Information Listing
References
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2016. Checklist of the birds of India (v1.1). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 03 October, 2016].
- 'The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended upto 1993)'. URL: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Dec 2012.
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 May 2012.URL:http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106003531/0
- 'List of birds of Tamil Nadu'. Wikipedia. Last modified on 27 December 2011. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 27th March, 2012.
- Ali, Salim. 'The book of Indian Birds'. Bombay Natural History Society, 2002. 13: Plate 12, Page 102.
- 'Migratory birds of India'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/forms/subjectwiselist.aspx?lid=31313. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- 'Vernacular Names of Birds of the Indian Subcontinent'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/Vernacular%20Names%20of%20Birds.html. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- 'CITES species database'. UNEP-WCMC. 17 April, 2012. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. URL: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/fa_user.cfm#appendix
- 'Endemic Birds'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/forms/subjectwiselist.aspx?lid=774. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- Grimmett, R, Inskipp, C and Inskipp, T. 'Pocket Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent'. Oxford University Press, 1999. Plate 69, Page 166.
- 'Appendices I, II and III'. UNEP-WCMC. 17 April, 2012. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. URL: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php
- 'List of Common Names, CMS Appendices I and II – February 2012.' CITES Secretariat. URL: http://www.cms.int/pdf/en/CMS_Species_6lng.pdf
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'BirdLife International (2012) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/04/2012.URL:http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3531&m=1
- 'Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga)'. The Internet Bird Collection. 1st January 2012. URL: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/greater-spotted-eagle-aquila-clanga.
- Greater Spotted Eagle. (2012, December 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:45, January 2, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Spotted_Eagle&oldid=529633927
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.URL: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175411. Accessed on 24th February, 2012.
- 'CITES'. Wikipedia. Last modified on 17 April 2012 at 15:16. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 27th March, 2012. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES.
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. Denis Lepage, Bird Checklists of the World, Avibase and Bird Links to the World. URL: http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=BAC4CA22EDCC74E7. Accessed on April 2nd, 2012.
- 'Statewise list of Birds of India'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/forms/subjectwiselist.aspx?lid=722. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- 'Greater Spotted Eagle (<i>Aquila clanga</i>)'. The Internet Bird Collection. 1st January 2012. URL: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/greater-spotted-eagle-aquila-clanga.
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'. Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.URL: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175411. Accessed on 24th February, 2012.
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 May 2012.URL:http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106003531/0
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'BirdLife International (2012) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/04/2012.URL:http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3531&m=1
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'. Denis Lepage, Bird Checklists of the World, Avibase and Bird Links to the World. URL: http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=BAC4CA22EDCC74E7. Accessed on April 2nd, 2012.
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2018. Checklist of the birds of India (v2.0). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 31 January, 2018].
Information Listing > References
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2016. Checklist of the birds of India (v1.1). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 03 October, 2016].
- 'The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended upto 1993)'. URL: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Dec 2012.
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 May 2012.URL:http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106003531/0
- 'List of birds of Tamil Nadu'. Wikipedia. Last modified on 27 December 2011. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 27th March, 2012.
- Ali, Salim. 'The book of Indian Birds'. Bombay Natural History Society, 2002. 13: Plate 12, Page 102.
- 'Migratory birds of India'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/forms/subjectwiselist.aspx?lid=31313. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- 'Vernacular Names of Birds of the Indian Subcontinent'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/Vernacular%20Names%20of%20Birds.html. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- 'CITES species database'. UNEP-WCMC. 17 April, 2012. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. URL: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/fa_user.cfm#appendix
- 'Endemic Birds'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/forms/subjectwiselist.aspx?lid=774. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- Grimmett, R, Inskipp, C and Inskipp, T. 'Pocket Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent'. Oxford University Press, 1999. Plate 69, Page 166.
- 'Appendices I, II and III'. UNEP-WCMC. 17 April, 2012. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. URL: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php
- 'List of Common Names, CMS Appendices I and II – February 2012.' CITES Secretariat. URL: http://www.cms.int/pdf/en/CMS_Species_6lng.pdf
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'BirdLife International (2012) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/04/2012.URL:http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3531&m=1
- 'Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga)'. The Internet Bird Collection. 1st January 2012. URL: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/greater-spotted-eagle-aquila-clanga.
- Greater Spotted Eagle. (2012, December 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:45, January 2, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Spotted_Eagle&oldid=529633927
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.URL: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175411. Accessed on 24th February, 2012.
- 'CITES'. Wikipedia. Last modified on 17 April 2012 at 15:16. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 27th March, 2012. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES.
- 'Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811'. Denis Lepage, Bird Checklists of the World, Avibase and Bird Links to the World. URL: http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=BAC4CA22EDCC74E7. Accessed on April 2nd, 2012.
- 'Statewise list of Birds of India'. BNHS ENVIS Centre on Avian Ecology. URL: http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/forms/subjectwiselist.aspx?lid=722. Accessed on 25th March, 2012.
- 'Greater Spotted Eagle (<i>Aquila clanga</i>)'. The Internet Bird Collection. 1st January 2012. URL: http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/greater-spotted-eagle-aquila-clanga.
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'. Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.URL: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175411. Accessed on 24th February, 2012.
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 May 2012.URL:http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106003531/0
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'BirdLife International (2012) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/04/2012.URL:http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3531&m=1
- '<i>Aquila clanga</i> Pallas, 1811'. Denis Lepage, Bird Checklists of the World, Avibase and Bird Links to the World. URL: http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=BAC4CA22EDCC74E7. Accessed on April 2nd, 2012.
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2018. Checklist of the birds of India (v2.0). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 31 January, 2018].
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Accipitriformes |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Genus | Clanga |
| Species | Clanga clanga (Pallas 1811) |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
