The bird is rusty orange and head is orange to buff. Upper wings are white and in flight underwing coverts contrast with black remiges. Black neck collars in breeding males but in non-breeding males it is absent or less distinct. Females similar to male but neck-collar lacking and often has diffused whitish patches on face. Juveniles are like female but upperparts and underparts are duller and head with greyish tone.
🗒 Synonyms
| No Data |
🗒 Common Names
| Assamese |
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| English |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Bird group
Ducks, geese, swans
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
They are monogamous. The birds are very aggressive towards their own kind and towards other species in their breeding quarters. The female approaches intruders with head lowered and neck outstretched, uttering anger calls. Mating occurs on the water after a brief courtship ritual that includes neck stretching, head dipping and tail raising. Female build nest using feathers and down and some grasses far away from water in a hole in a tree or ruined building, a crevice in a cliff, among sand-dunes or in an animal burrow. They lay about 6-12 eggs per clutch. Incubation is done by the female. Hatching period is about twenty-eight days and both parents care for the young, which fledge in a further fifty-five days.
Size
Relative Size (Birds)
Duck±
Its length is 58 to 70 cm (23 to 28 in) and has a 110–135 cm (43–53 in) wingspan.
Trophic Strategy
It is omnivorous and feeds on tender green shoots and the seeds of terrestrial vegetation, agricultural grains such as millet and wheat, littoral crustaceans such as shrimps, aquatic and terrestrial insects (especially Locusts), aquatic molluscs, small fish, frogs, amphibian spawn and worms.
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Often seen in mudspits and sandbanks than actually on water.
During breeding season this species is found in the shores of inland freshwater, saline and brackish lakes and rivers in open country, particularly those in open steppe, upland plateau and mountainous regions (reaching up to 5,000 m in Himalayas). They are not much dependent upon large water bodies for resting and feeding like other Anatidae. They prefers streams, slow-flowing rivers, freshwater pools, flooded grasslands, marshes and brackish or saline lakes in lowland regions, and is also found on artificial reservoirs in the vicinity of agricultural lands during non breeding season. It avoids coastal waters and tall, dense vegetation or emergent and floating aquatic plants.
Description
Global Distribution
India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Distribution In India
In winter throughout the Indian Union, rare in extreme south India
Distribution In Assam
Migratory in Assam
Tadorna ferruginea is native to Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bulgaria, China, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, India, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation (Central Asian Russia, Eastern Asian Russia, European Russia), Saudi Arabia, Spain (Canary Is.), Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Western Sahara. It is Vagrant in Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Palestinian Territory, Occupied, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Province of China, United Kingdom, Yemen. The species is regionally extinct in Turkmenistan.
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Trends
Decreasing
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Category
Least Concern
IUCN Redlist Status: Least Concern
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Threats
The main threat they are facing is hunting for commercial and recreational purposes although the species is largely protected in central and eastern Asia by its sacred status. Other threats include the loss and degradation of inland wetlands through subterranean water extraction for irrigation, widespread drainage of shallow marshes and lakes, salt extraction, urban development, pollution, introduction of exotic fish and overgrazing . They are also susceptible to avian influenza and is therefore threatened by outbreaks of the virus.
Protection Legal Status
Schedule IV
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
📚 Information Listing
References
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2016. Checklist of the birds of India (v1.1). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 03 October, 2016].
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2018. Checklist of the birds of India (v2.0). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 31 January, 2018].
- Praveen, J. Jayapal, R. & Pittie. A. (2016). A checklist of the birds of India. Indian Birds.11: 113-170.
- BirdLife International. 2016. Tadorna ferruginea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680003A86011049. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680003A86011049.en. Downloaded on 07 May 2018.
- Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C., &Inskipp, T. (2011) Birds of Indian Subcontinent, 2nd Edition,Oxford University Press, London. 480 pp.
Information Listing > References
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2016. Checklist of the birds of India (v1.1). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 03 October, 2016].
- Praveen J., Jayapal, R., & Pittie, A., 2018. Checklist of the birds of India (v2.0). Website: http://www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 31 January, 2018].
- Praveen, J. Jayapal, R. & Pittie. A. (2016). A checklist of the birds of India. Indian Birds.11: 113-170.
- BirdLife International. 2016. Tadorna ferruginea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680003A86011049. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680003A86011049.en. Downloaded on 07 May 2018.
- Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C., &Inskipp, T. (2011) Birds of Indian Subcontinent, 2nd Edition,Oxford University Press, London. 480 pp.
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🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Anseriformes |
| Family | Anatidae |
| Genus | Tadorna |
| Species | Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas 1764) |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups
